教育市场研究

美国教育的持续演变

教育好你的孩子

几乎没有人会质疑良好的教育至关重要，这不仅对接受教育的个人而言，而且对社会、国家和全球社区的改善也同样重要。尽管良好的教育可能不是真正的要求或绝对必要，但良好的教育确实能让人做好准备，应对和理解日常生活中遇到的挑战和复杂性。

As with health care, a sense of inherent American exceptionalism often leads many patriotic persons to assume and assert that the United States educational system is the best in the world. However, statistics would not bear this out. “According to the report, The Learning Curve, developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, the United States ranks seventeenth out of forty countries ranked in overall educational performance. Finland ranks first.”1

Intense political rancor between the two dominant political parties has made the future direction of education in the United States uncertain. Democrats favor retaining the present-day, federally funded and directed educational structure, while Republican lawmakers have increasingly touted the perceived benefits and desirability of privatizing the American school system. Ongoing heated debate over the topic continues, and much remains to be seen as to the effect a new President and Republican-dominant government will have on US education.

政府对教育的认真参与始于 1867 年，当时教育部成立，主要收集有关教学和学校的信息，以确定哪种方法对教育民众最有效。这些信息随后提供给政策制定者，由他们决定美国教育的未来发展方向。

After WWII, the federal government expanded its role in education dramatically. “In 1944, the “GI Bill” authorized postsecondary education assistance that would ultimately send nearly 8 million World War II veterans to college.”2

冷战促使美国于 1958 年制定了《国防教育法》（NDEA），以促进科学和技术领域的教育，使美国能够在这些领域更好地与新兴的苏联竞争。《民权法案》及其随后受到启发的法律在 60 年代和 70 年代继续实施，旨在为该国贫困地区的穷人和弱势群体提供优质教育。

In 1980, the Department of Education became a Cabinet echelon agency, which continues to affect education nationwide. “The Department’s elementary and secondary programs annually serve nearly 18,200 school districts and over 50 million students attending roughly 98,000 public schools and 32,000 private schools. Department programs also provide grant, loan, and work-study assistance to more than 12 million postsecondary students.”3

尽管美联储在教育领域发挥着重要作用，但州和地方政府对教育的影响也很大。私人和慈善机构也是如此。到目前为止，学校资金的大部分并非来自联邦政府。

The Implications of the Trump Presidency for EducationMany foresee great changes ahead for public education in the US under recently-elected President Trump. Philosophically aligned with many in the Republican party, the President is a firm believer in parental choice when it comes to a public vs. privatized education.

In September of 2016, then presidential candidate Trump stated “that his first budget would redirect $20 billion in federal funding to create a state-run block grant that he said he hoped would help poor children in low-performing public schools to enroll at charter and private schools.”4 President Trump’s stated intent was to provide school choice to disadvantaged students in the US.

目前，“国家目前在 Title I 上花费了约 $150 亿美元，这是一项旨在为贫困儿童提供教育的联邦计划。”5 特朗普总统并没有明确将他提出的 $20B 联邦资金提案与 Title I 联系起来，这导致许多分析师认为这些资金可能用于代金券计划。私有化支持者希望特朗普政府减少教育部对美国课堂的参与。一些人认为特朗普总统可能确实会取消或大幅缩减教育部。

特朗普总统备受争议的教育部长人选——贝琪·德沃斯

2017 年 2 月 7 日，在民主党的强烈反对下，特朗普总统任命的教育部长贝琪·德沃斯 (Betsy DeVos) 获得确认。共和党参议员丽莎·穆尔科斯基 (Lisa Murkowski) 和苏珊·柯林斯 (Susan Collins) 打破僵局，副总统迈克·彭斯 (Mike Pence) 投下关键一票，确认德沃斯的任命。德沃斯部长“之前没有教育工作经验，尽管她几十年来一直倡导学校代金券计划和学校私有化。”6

多年来，德沃斯和她的丈夫一直是学校私有化的坚定支持者。众所周知，她支持父母的“教育选择”，包括私立学校、数字教室和家庭教育，作为传统公立教育的可行选择。2016 年，她向《底特律新闻》表达了一种信念，即应该抛弃公立学校，转而采用自由市场体系。

The voucher programs favored by Secretary DeVos and President Trump are not without critics who fear the approach could lead to an aggravation of inequalities and harks back to a time of school segregation. “Proponents of vouchers and school choice, which include Trump, see them as a tool in privatizing education and turning it into a free-market system. (According to the New York Times, economists don’t see this as a good idea.”

德沃斯部长和特朗普总统将对美国公共教育的未来产生什么影响还有待观察，但很难想象现状会不受影响。

美国学校的人口结构变化

美国的人口结构正在发生变化，这已经不是什么秘密了。“公立 K-12 课堂中拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔学生的总数首次超过了非西班牙裔白人。”8 许多人认为美国的多样性是这些学生接受良好教育的优势。加利福尼亚州等州制定了学生平等计划，为贫困地区的学生提供平等的机会。

尽管许多美国人对该国不断扩大的人口结构抱有包容的态度，但某些经济现实不容忽视，也是许多人对非法移民子女教育成本高昂感到不满的争论之源。据美国移民改革联盟 (FAIR) 称，“一份新报告显示，本学年，最近进入美国的数千名非法移民儿童的教育成本高达 147.61 亿美元——一些学校系统要求联邦政府支付这笔费用。”9

Beyond education, emotions are high, and political disagreement is constant with regard to addressing the challenges faced when dealing with this changing demographic landscape. As with all areas of educational and political endeavor, Americans face a wait and see situation as to how the new administration will respond to these challenges and the decisions they will make along the way.

美国教育的新趋势

体制改革与教育市场化

预计新政府将不断推动针对低收入学生的代金券制度，并将积极倡导学校选择权。总统的新任命表现出对基于市场的学校资金的强烈兴趣。除了教育部长贝琪·德沃斯 (Betsy DeVos) 对特许学校的喜爱之外，副总统彭斯 (Pence) 也在他的家乡印第安纳州推动了代金券计划。我们可以合理地预期，学校改革措施将在不久的将来更容易实施，包括代金券计划和放宽特许学校限制。

多语言教育

As the nation’s demographic makeup evolves, look to see multiple-language education continue. Recent research has shown that despite commonly held beliefs, a bilingual education doesn’t impede English language learning and can even enhance academic success in the long run. “Research on the broad cognitive benefits of bilingualism, as well as an increasingly globalized economy, has led many states to implement dual language programs that include native English speakers. Going forward, constraints may come not from federal regulations, but from a shortage of qualified teachers.”10

学生入学率下降

学生入学率持续下降继续影响着全国各地的校园。随着学费不断上涨，预计个性化将成为吸引潜在学生和留住学生的一种手段。“EdSurge 新闻 defines personalized learning as “technology-assisted differentiated instruction.” Personalization is a trend that will continue in 2017, especially as colleges and universities look for ways to accommodate increasing numbers of non-traditional students who require greater flexibility.”11

有针对性的微学习

与个性化相关，微学习以短时间的形式或在学生有特定需求时向他们提供内容。这种教育方式通常通过各种移动平台、应用程序等进行。它对注意力容易分散的技术型学生特别有吸引力。例如，人们可能不会学习整个讲座，而是以易于消化的较短片段来学习，这些片段更容易消化和记住。

高速教育

高速学习是“研究表明的一种学习形式，它比在拥挤的演讲厅或教室里长达数小时的独白更快、更有效、持续时间更长。”12 学生通过实践和解决问题来学习。移动设备、应用程序和笔记本电脑上的真实模拟可以实现实时、快速的学习，反映当今快速变化的世界。许多人认为，通过采用高速教育方法，学术界将更好地为学生服务。

虚拟现实——不再需要铅笔和书本

Virtual reality as a learning tool is creating a great deal of excitement in academic circles. Its potential is “virtually” unlimited. No longer limited to the printed page or a 2-dimensional video screen, today’s student can literally surround themselves with a virtual simulation of people, places, and things they wish to learn about. At present, virtual reality is not widely used in the classroom due to the costs involved and a lack of access to the necessary equipment. Concepts such as Google Cardboard are driving down those costs and are making virtual reality easier to operate and more readily accessible. Its implementation is sure to increase in the months and years ahead.

教师工会受到攻击

近年来，共和党议员在颠覆美国许多地区教师集体谈判权方面取得了巨大成功，包括中西部的传统劳工堡垒。“反对者对教师工会来说尤其具有挑战性，他们不得不在诸如取消终身制、使用部分基于学生考试成绩的教师评估以及扩大特许学校等问题上做出让步——这些政策是他们历来反对的，但他们的民主党盟友，总统巴拉克·奥巴马和前教育部长阿恩·邓肯……却支持这些政策。”13

总结

预计 2017 年美国特许学校的担忧会加剧。特朗普总统是私立、公立特许学校的积极倡导者。他们与教育部长贝琪·德沃斯 (Betsy DeVos) 将继续推动特许学校的扩张。“许多保守派认为公立教育是政府垄断的，并打算通过竞争（尤其是与私营特许学校竞争）让传统公立学校破产。这是他们的机会。”14 教育私有化的反对者支持传统意义上的公立教育。美国特许学校是否会欢迎总统的学校私有化计划，或者他们最终是否会拒绝这些计划，还有待观察。

Political impact on education and all facets of American life are immediate and will reverberate into the foreseeable future. The crystal ball is clouded, and accurate predictions are difficult to make in such a volatile and fast-changing political landscape. There is great promise on many academic fronts, both technologically and philosophically. Hopefully, hostilities and partialities can be set aside for the long-term betterment of American society’s educational needs.

SIS International Research has extensive experience in all aspects of educational testing, analysis, and intelligence. Please utilize the link provided to view numerous examples of educationally-related research projects we have undertaken in the recent past:  http://www.sismarketresearch.com/education-elearning/

[/fusion_text][fusion_separator style_type=”none” hide_on_mobile=”小可见性,中可见性,大可见性” class=”” id=”” sep_color=”” top_margin=”15px” bottom_margin=”15px” border_size=”” 图标=”” 图标圆圈=”” 图标圆圈颜色=”” 宽度=”” 对齐方式=”center” /][fusion_text]

本文档的开发使用了以下资源：

1. 
   

   https://rankingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/01/25/the-u-s-ranks-17th-in-educational-performance/

   
   
2. 
   

   https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html

   
   
3. 
   

   https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html

   
   
4. 
   

   https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/08/trump-pitches-20-billion-education-plan-at-ohio-charter-school-that-received-poor-marks-from-state/?utm_term=.385cbe113eed

   
   
5. 
   

   https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2016/11/10/what-a-trump-presidency-means-for-americas-public-schools/?utm_term=.6f477309b28b

   
   
6. 
   

   www.cosmopolitan.com/.../betsy-devos-trump-administration-education-...

   
   
7. 
   

   www.cosmopolitan.com/.../betsy-devos-trump-administration-education-...

   
   
8. 
   

   http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-c-phillips/top-10-education-trends-t_b_6345056.html

   
   
9. 
   

   http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/09/02/cost-educating-new-class-illegal-immigrant-minors-estimated-at-over-760m.html

   
   
10. 
    

    http://www.gettingsmart.com/2017/01/higher-education-learning-trends-in-2017/

    
    
11. 
    

    http://www.gettingsmart.com/2017/01/higher-education-learning-trends-in-2017/

    
    

We provide comprehensive research services and strategic analysis of information. We have served many of the world’s largest and most influential education organizations.  Our company conducts Market Research, Strategy Research, and Competitive Intelligence.

With our Integrated Research and Intelligence, our clients gain an advantage from comprehensive insight for decision-making. For over 40+ years, SIS International Research has conducted research projects in over 120 countries and continues to expand its coverage.

You may also be interested in…