教育市場研究

美國教育的持續演變

教好你的孩子

很少有人會質疑良好的教育是至關重要的，不僅對接受教育的個人而言，而且對社會、國家和國際社會的進步也至關重要。雖然也許不是真正的要求或絕對必要，但充分的教育確實使一個人能夠應對和理解日常生活中遇到的挑戰和複雜性。

As with health care, a sense of inherent American exceptionalism often leads many patriotic persons to assume and assert that the United States educational system is the best in the world. However, statistics would not bear this out. “According to the report, The Learning Curve, developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, the United States ranks seventeenth out of forty countries ranked in overall educational performance. Finland ranks first.”1

Intense political rancor between the two dominant political parties has made the future direction of education in the United States uncertain. Democrats favor retaining the present-day, federally funded and directed educational structure, while Republican lawmakers have increasingly touted the perceived benefits and desirability of privatizing the American school system. Ongoing heated debate over the topic continues, and much remains to be seen as to the effect a new President and Republican-dominant government will have on US education.

政府認真參與教育始於 1867 年，當時教育部成立，負責全面收集有關教學和學校的信息，以確定哪種方法對教育民眾最有效。然後，這些資訊將提供給政策制定者，他們將決定美國教育的發展方向。

After WWII, the federal government expanded its role in education dramatically. “In 1944, the “GI Bill” authorized postsecondary education assistance that would ultimately send nearly 8 million World War II veterans to college.”2

冷戰激發了 1958 年《國防教育法案》(NDEA) 的製定，以促進科學和技術領域的教育，以便美國能夠在這些領域更好地與新興的蘇聯競爭。民權法案和隨後的啟發性法律在 60 年代和 70 年代繼續存在，旨在為該國貧困地區的窮人和弱勢群體提供優質教育。

In 1980, the Department of Education became a Cabinet echelon agency, which continues to affect education nationwide. “The Department’s elementary and secondary programs annually serve nearly 18,200 school districts and over 50 million students attending roughly 98,000 public schools and 32,000 private schools. Department programs also provide grant, loan, and work-study assistance to more than 12 million postsecondary students.”3

儘管聯準會在教育領域發揮重要作用，但各州和地方政府對教育的影響也很大。私人和慈善組織也是如此。到目前為止，學校的大部分資金並非來自聯邦政府。

The Implications of the Trump Presidency for EducationMany foresee great changes ahead for public education in the US under recently-elected President Trump. Philosophically aligned with many in the Republican party, the President is a firm believer in parental choice when it comes to a public vs. privatized education.

In September of 2016, then presidential candidate Trump stated “that his first budget would redirect $20 billion in federal funding to create a state-run block grant that he said he hoped would help poor children in low-performing public schools to enroll at charter and private schools.”4 President Trump’s stated intent was to provide school choice to disadvantaged students in the US.

目前，「國家目前在第一章上花費了大約$150 億美元，這是一項旨在為貧困兒童提供教育的聯邦計劃。」5 川普總統並未將他提出的$20B 聯邦資助提案與第一章具體掛鉤，這導致許多分析師認為，資金可能會用於代金券計劃。私有化熱衷者希望川普政府減少教育部對美國課堂的參與。有些人認為川普總統確實可能取消或大幅削減教育部。

川普總統對教育部長的有爭議的選擇——貝齊·德沃斯

在民主黨的強烈抵制下，川普總統任命貝齊·德沃斯為教育部長的人選於2017 年2 月7 日得到確認。排名破位，副總統邁克·彭斯以決定性的一票投給了德沃斯。國務卿德沃斯「儘管幾十年來一直在倡導學校學券計劃和學校私有化，但她之前沒有任何教育工作經驗。」6

德沃斯和她的丈夫多年來一直是學校私有化的堅定支持者。眾所周知，她支持家長的“教育選擇”，包括私立學校、數位教室和家庭教育，作為傳統公共教育的可行選擇。 2016年，她向《底特律新聞》表達了一種信念，即應該放棄公立學校，轉而採用自由市場體系。

The voucher programs favored by Secretary DeVos and President Trump are not without critics who fear the approach could lead to an aggravation of inequalities and harks back to a time of school segregation. “Proponents of vouchers and school choice, which include Trump, see them as a tool in privatizing education and turning it into a free-market system. (According to the New York Times, economists don’t see this as a good idea.”

德沃斯部長和川普總統對美國公共教育未來的影響仍有待觀察，但很難想像現狀會不受影響。

美國學校人口結構的變化

美國的人口組成正在發生變化，這已不是什麼秘密。 「公立 K-12 教室中拉丁裔、非裔美國人和亞洲學生的總人數首次超過了非西班牙裔白人的人數。」8 許多人認為美國的多樣性是這些學生學習的一個優勢。教育。加州等州制定了學生公平計劃，為貧困地區的學生提供平等的機會。

儘管許多美國人對國家不斷擴大的人口結構抱持包容性的傾向，但某些經濟現實不容忽視，並成為許多不滿非法移民子女教育巨額成本的人爭論的根源。美國移民改革聯合會 (FAIR) 表示，「一份新報告顯示，本學年，數以千計最近進入美國的非法移民兒童的教育成本高達 $7.61 億——一些學校系統推動聯邦政府來付賬。 」9

Beyond education, emotions are high, and political disagreement is constant with regard to addressing the challenges faced when dealing with this changing demographic landscape. As with all areas of educational and political endeavor, Americans face a wait and see situation as to how the new administration will respond to these challenges and the decisions they will make along the way.

美國教育的新趨勢

體制改革與市場化教育

預計新政府將繼續推動低收入學生的學券制度，並積極倡導擇校。總統的新任命者表現出對基於市場的學校經費的明確支持。除了教育部長貝齊·德沃斯 (Betsy DeVos) 對特許學校的熱愛之外，副總統彭斯也在他的家鄉印第安納州推行了一項代金券計劃。我們可以合理地預期學校改革措施將在不久的將來更容易實施，包括學券計劃和放寬特許學校限制。

多語言教育

As the nation’s demographic makeup evolves, look to see multiple-language education continue. Recent research has shown that despite commonly held beliefs, a bilingual education doesn’t impede English language learning and can even enhance academic success in the long run. “Research on the broad cognitive benefits of bilingualism, as well as an increasingly globalized economy, has led many states to implement dual language programs that include native English speakers. Going forward, constraints may come not from federal regulations, but from a shortage of qualified teachers.”10

學生入學率下降

學生入學率的持續下降繼續影響著全國各地的校園。隨著學費不斷上漲，個人化將成為吸引潛在學生並留住他們的手段。 “EdSurge 新聞 defines personalized learning as “technology-assisted differentiated instruction.” Personalization is a trend that will continue in 2017, especially as colleges and universities look for ways to accommodate increasing numbers of non-traditional students who require greater flexibility.”11

針對性的微學習

與個人化相關，微學習可以少量或在有特定需求時提供內容給學生。這種類型的教育交付通常透過各種行動平台、應用程式等來完成。例如，人們可能不會完整地學習某一特定講座，而是以易於消化的較短片段來學習，這些片段更容易消化和保留。

高速教育

高速學習是「一種學習形式，研究表明，比在擁擠的演講廳或教室裡長達數小時的獨白更快、更有效、更持久。」12 學生透過實踐和解決問題來學習。行動裝置、應用程式和筆記型電腦上的真實模擬可以實現即時、快速的學習，反映當今快速變化的世界。許多人認為，透過融入高速教育方法，學術界將更好地為學生服務。

虛擬實境－不再有鉛筆，不再有書籍

Virtual reality as a learning tool is creating a great deal of excitement in academic circles. Its potential is “virtually” unlimited. No longer limited to the printed page or a 2-dimensional video screen, today’s student can literally surround themselves with a virtual simulation of people, places, and things they wish to learn about. At present, virtual reality is not widely used in the classroom due to the costs involved and a lack of access to the necessary equipment. Concepts such as Google Cardboard are driving down those costs and are making virtual reality easier to operate and more readily accessible. Its implementation is sure to increase in the months and years ahead.

教師工會受到攻擊

近年來，共和黨立法者在顛覆美國許多地區教師的集體談判權方面取得了巨大成功，其中包括中西部的傳統勞工堡壘。 「事實證明，反對者對教師工會尤其具有挑戰性，教師工會不得不在取消終身教職、部分基於學生考試成績的教師評估以及特許學校擴張等問題上做出讓步——這些政策他們歷來反對，但他們的民主黨盟友總統巴拉克·歐巴馬和前教育部長阿恩·鄧肯…對此表示歡迎。

綜上所述

預計 2017 年美國與特許學校相關的擔憂將會加劇。他們將與教育部長貝齊·德沃斯 (Betsy DeVos) 一起，繼續促進特許學校的擴張。 「許多保守派將公共教育視為政府壟斷，並意圖透過競爭（特別是與私人特許學校的競爭）使傳統公立學校破產。這是他們的機會。美國特許學校是否會歡迎總統的學校私有化計劃，還是最終會拒絕這些計劃，還有待觀察。

Political impact on education and all facets of American life are immediate and will reverberate into the foreseeable future. The crystal ball is clouded, and accurate predictions are difficult to make in such a volatile and fast-changing political landscape. There is great promise on many academic fronts, both technologically and philosophically. Hopefully, hostilities and partialities can be set aside for the long-term betterment of American society’s educational needs.

SIS International Research has extensive experience in all aspects of educational testing, analysis, and intelligence. Please utilize the link provided to view numerous examples of educationally-related research projects we have undertaken in the recent past:  http://www.sismarketresearch.com/education-elearning/

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本文檔的編寫使用了以下資源：

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   https://rankingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/01/25/the-u-s-ranks-17th-in-educational-performance/

   
   
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